電磁鐵的發明

1822年，法國物理學家阿拉戈和呂薩克發現，當電流通過其中有鐵塊的繞線時，它能使繞線中的鐵塊磁化。這實際上是內蒙古自治區電磁鐵原(yuan)理的(de)(de)最(zui)初發(fa)現(xian)。1823年，斯特(te)金也做了一次類似的(de)(de)實驗：他在一根并(bing)非是磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)U型鐵(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)上繞(rao)了18圈銅(tong)(tong)裸(luo)線(xian)(xian)，當銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)(xian)與伏打(da)電(dian)池(chi)接通(tong)(tong)時，繞(rao)在U型鐵(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)上的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)(xian)圈即產生了密(mi)集的(de)(de)磁(ci)場，這(zhe)樣就使U型鐵(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)變(bian)成(cheng)了一塊“電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)”。這(zhe)種電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)上的(de)(de)磁(ci)能要(yao)比永磁(ci)能大放(fang)多倍，它(ta)能吸(xi)起比它(ta)重20倍的(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)塊，而當電(dian)源切(qie)斷后，U型鐵(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)就什么鐵(tie)(tie)塊也吸(xi)不住，重新成(cheng)為一根普通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)。

斯特金的電(dian)磁鐵(tie)發明(ming)，使(shi)人們看到了把電(dian)能轉化為磁能的光(guang)明(ming)前景，這一發明(ming)很快在英國、美國以(yi)及西歐(ou)一些沿海(hai)國家傳播開來。

1829年(nian)，美(mei)國電(dian)(dian)學家亨(heng)利(li)對(dui)斯特金電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)裝置進(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)一些革新(xin)(xin)，絕緣導(dao)線(xian)代替裸(luo)銅導(dao)線(xian)，因此不必擔(dan)心被(bei)銅導(dao)線(xian)過分靠近(jin)而(er)短路。由于導(dao)線(xian)有(you)了(le)(le)(le)絕緣層，就(jiu)可以將它(ta)(ta)們一圈(quan)圈(quan)地緊緊地繞在(zai)一起，由于線(xian)圈(quan)越(yue)密集，產生的(de)(de)磁場就(jiu)越(yue)強，這樣就(jiu)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)化為磁能的(de)(de)能力。到了(le)(le)(le)1831年(nian)，亨(heng)利(li)試制出了(le)(le)(le)一塊(kuai)更(geng)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)，雖然(ran)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)體(ti)積(ji)并不大(da)，但它(ta)(ta)能吸起1噸重的(de)(de)鐵(tie)塊(kuai)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)內(nei)部(bu)帶(dai)有(you)(you)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心的(de)、利(li)用(yong)通(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)線圈(quan)使其像磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)一樣(yang)具有(you)(you)磁(ci)性的(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)叫做電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)，通(tong)(tong)常制成條形或蹄形。鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心要用(yong)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)磁(ci)化，又容(rong)(rong)易(yi)消(xiao)失磁(ci)性的(de)軟鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)或硅鋼來(lai)制做。這樣(yang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)在通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時有(you)(you)磁(ci)性，斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)后就隨之消(xiao)失。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)有(you)(you)許多優點：電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)磁(ci)性的(de)有(you)(you)無，可以(yi)用(yong)通(tong)(tong)、斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)流控制。磁(ci)性的(de)大小可以(yi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)強弱(ruo)或線圈(quan)的(de)匝數來(lai)控制。

電磁鐵的主要特點

1、采用全密封(feng)結構(gou)，防潮性能好。

2、經計算機(ji)優化設計，結構合理、自(zi)重輕、吸力大(da)、能耗低。

3、勵(li)磁線圈經(jing)特別(bie)工(gong)藝處理(li)，提高(gao)了線圈的電器和機械性能，絕緣(yuan)資料熱等(deng)級到達C級，運用壽命長(chang)。

4、普通(tong)型電(dian)磁(ci)鐵的(de)額(e)定通(tong)電(dian)持續(xu)率由(you)曩昔的(de)50%提高到(dao)60%，提高了(le)電(dian)磁(ci)鐵的(de)運用功率。

5、超高(gao)溫(wen)型電磁鐵采用獨特隔熱方式，其(qi)間被吸(xi)物(wu)溫(wen)度有曩昔的600℃提高(gao)700℃，擴大(da)了電磁鐵的適用范圍。

6、裝置、運轉、保護簡(jian)潔(jie)。

電磁鐵工作原理

將電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)能(neng)變換為機械能(neng)以(yi)(yi)實現吸合作功(gong)的(de)(de)一種電(dian)(dian)器。通(tong)(tong)常由軟磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)材料制成的(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)、銜鐵(tie)(tie)和(he)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)成。當勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)時，繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)周圍(wei)產生磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場，鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)化，并產生電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸力(li)吸引銜鐵(tie)(tie)，使之運動作功(gong)。電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)主要用于操動、牽引機械裝置，以(yi)(yi)達到(dao)預期的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。工業上常用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)有(you)制動電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)、牽引電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)、起重電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)和(he)閥(fa)用電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)等。此外，屬于電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)類的(de)(de)還有(you)用以(yi)(yi)傳遞或隔斷兩軸(zhou)間(jian)的(de)(de)機械聯(lian)系的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)聯(lian)軸(zhou)器;用在機床工作臺上以(yi)(yi)吸牢(lao)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性材料工件的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸盤;供高能(neng)物(wu)理、核聚變研究、磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)流體發(fa)電(dian)(dian)和(he)高速懸(xuan)浮(fu)列車(che)等方面(mian)使用的(de)(de)、能(neng)產生高達數十(shi)特（斯拉）的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)(tong)密度而幾乎(hu)不消耗繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)功(gong)率的(de)(de)超導電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)等。

起重電磁鐵

用(yong)來吊(diao)(diao)運(yun)和裝(zhuang)卸(xie)鐵磁(ci)(ci)性物體的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵。工業(ye)上(shang)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)以(yi)吊(diao)(diao)運(yun)或裝(zhuang)卸(xie)鐵礦石、鐵砂(sha)、廢鋼(gang)鐵、鋼(gang)錠、鋼(gang)軌以(yi)及各(ge)種(zhong)鋼(gang)材和鋼(gang)質工件(jian)。起重(zhong)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵通常(chang)(chang)做成圓(yuan)盤形或矩(ju)形，并(bing)帶有內磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)和外(wai)磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)。當勵(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)繞組(zu)(zu)通電(dian)后，內外(wai)磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)均被(bei)磁(ci)(ci)化，吸引鋼(gang)質材料或工件(jian)（相當于一(yi)般電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵中的(de)銜鐵），形成一(yi)個閉合的(de)磁(ci)(ci)路。為(wei)保護勵(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)繞組(zu)(zu)，使(shi)之不(bu)因磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)與(yu)被(bei)吸引物體間的(de)機械撞擊所損(sun)傷(shang)，起重(zhong)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵通常(chang)(chang)采用(yong)甲(jia)殼式結構(gou)，并(bing)且(qie)采用(yong)直流勵(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)。

牽引電磁鐵

供牽(qian)引(yin)和(he)推(tui)斥機(ji)(ji)械裝(zhuang)置(zhi)用(yong)的(de)(de)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)于(yu)各(ge)種自(zi)動設(she)備中，以實現遠(yuan)距(ju)離控制(zhi)。為了(le)(le)能(neng)夠在(zai)長行程下獲得(de)較大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁吸力，牽(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵一(yi)般(ban)采用(yong)吸引(yin)特性比較平坦的(de)(de)甲殼式(shi)結構。其(qi)內(nei)部(bu)裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)鐵心(xin)、銜(xian)鐵和(he)勵(li)(li)磁線圈。使用(yong)時，將鐵心(xin)固定在(zai)機(ji)(ji)械裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)靜止部(bu)件上，銜(xian)鐵則連接在(zai)牽(qian)引(yin)桿上。當(dang)勵(li)(li)磁繞組通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，鐵心(xin)被磁化，產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁吸力吸引(yin)銜(xian)鐵，后者則通(tong)過牽(qian)引(yin)桿來操縱所(suo)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)構。為了(le)(le)適應不同(tong)控制(zhi)對象的(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)，牽(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵有(you)(you)拉動式(shi)和(he)推(tui)動式(shi)兩(liang)種，但都(dou)不具備復位裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。牽(qian)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)技術指(zhi)標為一(yi)定行程下的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁吸力、操作頻率和(he)壽(shou)命。

制動電磁鐵

作(zuo)(zuo)機械(xie)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)用的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)。主要(yao)用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置和(he)(he)(he)起重運輸設備中(zhong)，并與制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)配(pei)合(he)(he)使(shi)用，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機準(zhun)確(que)停車和(he)(he)(he)懸吊著的(de)(de)(de)重物(wu)不致墜落。制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)按(an)銜鐵(tie)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)分為(wei)長行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)短(duan)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)兩(liang)類(lei);按(an)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)方(fang)式(shi)分為(wei)直流(liu)(liu)和(he)(he)(he)交流(liu)(liu)、并勵和(he)(he)(he)串勵以及單相(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)等種類(lei)。制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)原理是(shi)：當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)繞組通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，銜鐵(tie)被吸向鐵(tie)心，并通過制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)停檔壓(ya)迫制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)桿(gan)(gan)，使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，從而(er)迫使(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)松閘。切斷線圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)桿(gan)(gan)在(zai)彈簧作(zuo)(zuo)用下(xia)使(shi)銜鐵(tie)脫離磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)軛，而(er)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)則將(jiang)機構(gou)剎住。制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)技(ji)術參數是(shi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)、一(yi)定行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸力(li)、操作(zuo)(zuo)頻率和(he)(he)(he)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)持(chi)續率。操作(zuo)(zuo)頻率是(shi)指(zhi)每小時(shi)(shi)操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)次數;通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)持(chi)續率是(shi)指(zhi)每次通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)與每次通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及不通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)百分比(bi)。使(shi)用中(zhong)，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)與瓦式(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)配(pei)合(he)(he)時(shi)(shi)用短(duan)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)類(lei);與皮帶制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)配(pei)合(he)(he)時(shi)(shi)用長行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)類(lei)。制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)通過液(ye)壓(ya)方(fang)式(shi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)力(li)傳遞給制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)稱液(ye)壓(ya)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)。

閥用電磁鐵

供遠距離操作(zuo)各種液壓、氣(qi)動系(xi)統(tong)閥(fa)門的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)于各種金屬(shu)切(qie)削機床中(zhong)。閥(fa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)不(bu)設復(fu)位裝置，而由閥(fa)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)彈(dan)簧(huang)使(shi)之(zhi)復(fu)位。當電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)的(de)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞組(zu)(zu)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)時，電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)吸力(li)即克服彈(dan)簧(huang)阻力(li)，使(shi)閥(fa)體(ti)(ti)的(de)推(tui)(tui)桿移動，將閥(fa)門開啟;當勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞組(zu)(zu)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)，在(zai)復(fu)位彈(dan)簧(huang)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下，閥(fa)體(ti)(ti)推(tui)(tui)桿便(bian)推(tui)(tui)動銜(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)，使(shi)其移動額(e)定(ding)行(xing)程處，閥(fa)門關閉。閥(fa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)分為濕式(shi)和干(gan)式(shi)兩種。濕式(shi)閥(fa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)的(de)銜(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)在(zai)液壓油(you)中(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)，由于油(you)的(de)冷卻作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，使(shi)其與具(ju)有相(xiang)同吸力(li)的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)相(xiang)比(bi)，有較小的(de)尺寸(cun)。

電磁鐵的應用

門禁：為(wei)什么門禁可(ke)以在沒刷卡時把(ba)門牢(lao)牢(lao)的(de)“抓住(zhu)”？原來(lai)單元門是由鋼材料做(zuo)成的(de)，那個金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)體在通電時可(ke)以產生(sheng)(sheng)強大的(de)磁場，產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)磁力能把(ba)門牢(lao)牢(lao)的(de)吸住(zhu)，而刷卡的(de)瞬間，切斷電流，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)體失(shi)去磁性，我們(men)就可(ke)以打開門了。那個金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)體其實是一塊電磁鐵(tie)。

電(dian)磁起(qi)重機(ji)：最直接的應用(yong)之一(yi)是電(dian)磁起(qi)重機(ji)。電(dian)磁鐵安裝在(zai)吊(diao)(diao)車上，通電(dian)后吸起(qi)大量(liang)鋼鐵，移動到另(ling)一(yi)個位置后切斷電(dian)流，鋼鐵被(bei)放下，免去(qu)了(le)打捆的麻(ma)煩。大型電(dian)磁起(qi)重機(ji)一(yi)次可以吊(diao)(diao)起(qi)幾噸鋼材。

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)鈴和電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)里也(ye)用到電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵。全自動(dong)洗衣機的進水(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)閥門，衛生間(jian)里感應(ying)式沖(chong)水(shui)(shui)器(qi)的閥門，也(ye)都是由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵控制的。

電磁(ci)(ci)鐵的另一個應用是產生強磁(ci)(ci)場。現代技(ji)術中很(hen)多地方需(xu)要的強磁(ci)(ci)場都由電磁(ci)(ci)鐵提供，如(ru)大型(xing)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發電機(ji)(ji)、磁(ci)(ci)療設備等。