電磁鐵的發明

1822年，法國物理學家阿拉戈和呂薩克發現，當電流通過其中有鐵塊的繞線時，它能使繞線中的鐵塊磁化。這實際上是深圳電磁鐵原理的(de)最初發現(xian)。1823年，斯特金也做了(le)一(yi)次類似的(de)實驗(yan)：他(ta)在一(yi)根并非是磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)的(de)U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)上(shang)繞了(le)18圈銅(tong)裸線，當(dang)銅(tong)線與伏(fu)打電(dian)池接通時(shi)，繞在U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)上(shang)的(de)銅(tong)線圈即產生了(le)密集(ji)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)，這樣就(jiu)使(shi)U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)變成了(le)一(yi)塊“電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)”。這種電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)上(shang)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)能要比永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)能大(da)放(fang)多倍，它(ta)能吸起比它(ta)重(zhong)20倍的(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)塊，而當(dang)電(dian)源(yuan)切斷后，U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)就(jiu)什么鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)塊也吸不住(zhu)，重(zhong)新成為一(yi)根普通的(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒(bang)(bang)。

斯特金的電磁(ci)鐵發明，使人們看到(dao)了把電能轉化為磁(ci)能的光明前(qian)景，這(zhe)一發明很(hen)快在英國(guo)、美國(guo)以及西(xi)歐一些(xie)沿海國(guo)家傳播(bo)開來。

1829年(nian)，美國電(dian)學(xue)家亨利(li)對(dui)斯特(te)金電(dian)磁(ci)鐵裝(zhuang)置進行(xing)了一些革新，絕緣導(dao)線(xian)代替裸銅導(dao)線(xian)，因(yin)此(ci)不(bu)必擔心被銅導(dao)線(xian)過分靠近而(er)短路。由(you)于(yu)導(dao)線(xian)有了絕緣層，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以將(jiang)它們一圈圈地緊緊地繞在一起(qi)，由(you)于(yu)線(xian)圈越(yue)密集，產生的(de)磁(ci)場(chang)就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)強，這樣就(jiu)(jiu)大大提高了把電(dian)能轉化為磁(ci)能的(de)能力。到了1831年(nian)，亨利(li)試制(zhi)出了一塊更新的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)鐵，雖然它的(de)體積并不(bu)大，但它能吸起(qi)1噸重(zhong)的(de)鐵塊。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)內部帶有(you)(you)鐵(tie)心(xin)的、利用(yong)通(tong)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的線(xian)圈(quan)使其像磁(ci)鐵(tie)一樣(yang)具有(you)(you)磁(ci)性(xing)的裝置(zhi)叫做電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)，通(tong)常制(zhi)成條形(xing)或(huo)蹄形(xing)。鐵(tie)心(xin)要用(yong)容易磁(ci)化，又容易消(xiao)失磁(ci)性(xing)的軟鐵(tie)或(huo)硅鋼(gang)來制(zhi)做。這樣(yang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)在通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)有(you)(you)磁(ci)性(xing)，斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后就(jiu)隨之消(xiao)失。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)有(you)(you)許多優點(dian)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)磁(ci)性(xing)的有(you)(you)無，可以用(yong)通(tong)、斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流控(kong)制(zhi)。磁(ci)性(xing)的大小可以用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的強弱或(huo)線(xian)圈(quan)的匝數來控(kong)制(zhi)。

電磁鐵的主要特點

1、采用全密封結構，防潮性能(neng)好。

2、經計(ji)算機(ji)優化設(she)計(ji)，結構合理、自重輕(qing)、吸(xi)力大、能耗低。

3、勵磁(ci)線圈(quan)經特別(bie)工藝處理(li)，提(ti)高了線圈(quan)的(de)電器和機械性能，絕緣資料熱(re)等級到(dao)達C級，運(yun)用壽命長。

4、普通型電(dian)磁鐵(tie)的(de)額定通電(dian)持續率(lv)由(you)曩昔的(de)50%提(ti)高到60%，提(ti)高了電(dian)磁鐵(tie)的(de)運用(yong)功率(lv)。

5、超高(gao)(gao)溫型(xing)電(dian)磁鐵采用獨特隔熱(re)方(fang)式，其間被(bei)吸物溫度有曩(nang)昔(xi)的600℃提高(gao)(gao)700℃，擴大(da)了電(dian)磁鐵的適用范圍(wei)。

6、裝置、運轉、保護簡潔。

電磁鐵工作原理

將電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)能(neng)變換為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)以(yi)實現吸(xi)(xi)(xi)合作功的(de)一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。通常由軟磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)材料制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)鐵(tie)(tie)心、銜鐵(tie)(tie)和(he)(he)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。當(dang)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)周(zhou)圍產生磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場，鐵(tie)(tie)心磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)化，并產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)力吸(xi)(xi)(xi)引(yin)(yin)銜鐵(tie)(tie)，使之運動作功。電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于操動、牽引(yin)(yin)機(ji)(ji)械裝置(zhi)，以(yi)達到預期的(de)目的(de)。工(gong)(gong)業上常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)有制(zhi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)、牽引(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)、起重電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)和(he)(he)閥用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)等。此外(wai)，屬于電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)類的(de)還有用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)傳遞或(huo)隔(ge)斷兩軸間(jian)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械聯(lian)系的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)聯(lian)軸器;用(yong)(yong)(yong)在機(ji)(ji)床工(gong)(gong)作臺上以(yi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)牢磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性材料工(gong)(gong)件的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)盤;供高能(neng)物(wu)理、核聚變研究、磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)流體發電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)高速懸浮列(lie)車等方面(mian)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)、能(neng)產生高達數十(shi)特(te)（斯拉）的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通密度而幾(ji)乎不消耗繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)功率(lv)的(de)超導電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)等。

起重電磁鐵

用(yong)來吊(diao)運和裝卸(xie)鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)性物(wu)體的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)。工(gong)(gong)業上常用(yong)以(yi)吊(diao)運或(huo)裝卸(xie)鐵(tie)(tie)礦(kuang)石、鐵(tie)(tie)砂、廢鋼(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)(tie)、鋼(gang)(gang)錠(ding)、鋼(gang)(gang)軌(gui)以(yi)及各種鋼(gang)(gang)材和鋼(gang)(gang)質工(gong)(gong)件。起重電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)通(tong)常做成圓盤形或(huo)矩形，并帶有內(nei)(nei)磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)和外磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)。當(dang)勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)繞組通(tong)電(dian)后，內(nei)(nei)外磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)均被(bei)磁(ci)(ci)化，吸引鋼(gang)(gang)質材料或(huo)工(gong)(gong)件（相當(dang)于一般(ban)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)中的(de)銜(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)），形成一個閉合的(de)磁(ci)(ci)路(lu)。為保護勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)繞組，使之(zhi)不因磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)與被(bei)吸引物(wu)體間的(de)機械撞擊所(suo)損傷，起重電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)通(tong)常采用(yong)甲殼式結構，并且采用(yong)直流勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)。

牽引電磁鐵

供牽引和(he)(he)推(tui)斥機械(xie)裝(zhuang)置用(yong)的(de)一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)。主要(yao)用(yong)于各種(zhong)自動設備中，以實現遠(yuan)距離控(kong)制。為(wei)了能(neng)夠在(zai)長行(xing)程(cheng)下(xia)(xia)獲得(de)較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁吸(xi)力，牽引電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)一般采用(yong)吸(xi)引特性比較平坦(tan)的(de)甲殼式(shi)結構。其內部(bu)裝(zhuang)有鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)、銜(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)和(he)(he)勵磁線圈(quan)。使用(yong)時，將(jiang)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)固定在(zai)機械(xie)裝(zhuang)置的(de)靜止部(bu)件上(shang)，銜(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)則(ze)連接(jie)在(zai)牽引桿上(shang)。當勵磁繞組通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)被磁化(hua)，產生電(dian)(dian)磁吸(xi)力吸(xi)引銜(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)，后(hou)者則(ze)通(tong)(tong)過牽引桿來操(cao)縱所控(kong)制的(de)機械(xie)裝(zhuang)置的(de)機構。為(wei)了適應(ying)不同(tong)控(kong)制對(dui)象的(de)需要(yao)，牽引電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)有拉動式(shi)和(he)(he)推(tui)動式(shi)兩種(zhong)，但都不具備復位裝(zhuang)置。牽引電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)的(de)主要(yao)技(ji)術指標為(wei)一定行(xing)程(cheng)下(xia)(xia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁吸(xi)力、操(cao)作頻(pin)率和(he)(he)壽(shou)命。

制動電磁鐵

作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機(ji)械制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)。主要用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)起重運輸設備中，并與(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器配(pei)合(he)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)準確(que)停(ting)車(che)和(he)(he)(he)懸吊著的(de)(de)重物不(bu)致墜(zhui)落。制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)按銜(xian)鐵(tie)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)分(fen)為長行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)短行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)兩類;按勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)方式(shi)分(fen)為直流(liu)和(he)(he)(he)交流(liu)、并勵和(he)(he)(he)串(chuan)勵以及單相(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)三(san)相(xiang)等(deng)種(zhong)類。制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原理是(shi)(shi)：當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)繞(rao)組通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，銜(xian)鐵(tie)被吸向(xiang)鐵(tie)心，并通(tong)(tong)過制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器中的(de)(de)停(ting)檔(dang)壓(ya)迫(po)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)桿，使(shi)之移動(dong)(dong)，從而迫(po)使(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器松閘。切斷線(xian)圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)桿在彈簧作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)使(shi)銜(xian)鐵(tie)脫離磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)軛(e)，而制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器則將機(ji)構剎(cha)住。制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)主要技術參數是(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)、一(yi)定(ding)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)下(xia)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸力、操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)頻率(lv)和(he)(he)(he)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)持續(xu)(xu)率(lv)。操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)頻率(lv)是(shi)(shi)指每(mei)小時操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)次(ci)數;通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)持續(xu)(xu)率(lv)是(shi)(shi)指每(mei)次(ci)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間與(yu)(yu)每(mei)次(ci)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及不(bu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間之和(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)百分(fen)比。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)與(yu)(yu)瓦式(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器相(xiang)配(pei)合(he)時用(yong)(yong)短行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)類;與(yu)(yu)皮帶(dai)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器相(xiang)配(pei)合(he)時用(yong)(yong)長行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)類。制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)通(tong)(tong)過液壓(ya)方式(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)力傳(chuan)遞(di)給制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)構的(de)(de)稱液壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)。

閥用電磁鐵

供(gong)遠距離(li)操作(zuo)(zuo)各(ge)種液(ye)壓(ya)、氣動系統閥(fa)(fa)(fa)門的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)。常(chang)用(yong)于各(ge)種金屬切削(xue)機床中。閥(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)不設復(fu)位(wei)裝置，而由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體中的(de)(de)彈簧使(shi)之復(fu)位(wei)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)勵(li)磁(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)吸(xi)力即(ji)克服彈簧阻(zu)力，使(shi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體的(de)(de)推桿移(yi)動，將閥(fa)(fa)(fa)門開啟(qi);當勵(li)磁(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，在復(fu)位(wei)彈簧作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體推桿便推動銜(xian)鐵(tie)，使(shi)其移(yi)動額(e)定行程(cheng)處(chu)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)門關閉。閥(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)分為濕式(shi)和干式(shi)兩(liang)種。濕式(shi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)銜(xian)鐵(tie)在液(ye)壓(ya)油中工作(zuo)(zuo)，由(you)于油的(de)(de)冷卻作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，使(shi)其與具有相同吸(xi)力的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)相比，有較小的(de)(de)尺寸。

電磁鐵的應用

門(men)(men)禁：為(wei)什么門(men)(men)禁可以在沒刷卡(ka)時把門(men)(men)牢牢的(de)(de)“抓住(zhu)(zhu)”？原來(lai)單元門(men)(men)是由鋼材料做成(cheng)的(de)(de)，那(nei)個金屬體(ti)在通(tong)電時可以產生(sheng)強大的(de)(de)磁場(chang)，產生(sheng)的(de)(de)磁力能(neng)把門(men)(men)牢牢的(de)(de)吸住(zhu)(zhu)，而刷卡(ka)的(de)(de)瞬(shun)間，切斷(duan)電流(liu)，金屬體(ti)失去(qu)磁性，我們就可以打開門(men)(men)了。那(nei)個金屬體(ti)其實是一塊電磁鐵。

電(dian)磁起(qi)重(zhong)機：最(zui)直接的應用之一是電(dian)磁起(qi)重(zhong)機。電(dian)磁鐵(tie)安裝(zhuang)在吊(diao)車(che)上，通電(dian)后(hou)吸起(qi)大量(liang)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)，移動到另一個位置后(hou)切斷電(dian)流，鋼(gang)鐵(tie)被放下，免去了(le)打捆(kun)的麻煩(fan)。大型電(dian)磁起(qi)重(zhong)機一次可以吊(diao)起(qi)幾噸鋼(gang)材。

在電(dian)動機、發電(dian)機、電(dian)鈴和電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)里也用到電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)。全自動洗衣機的(de)進水、排水閥門，衛(wei)生間里感應式沖水器(qi)(qi)的(de)閥門，也都是由電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)控制(zhi)的(de)。

電(dian)磁鐵的另一個應用是產生強(qiang)磁場。現代技術(shu)中很多地方需(xu)要(yao)的強(qiang)磁場都由(you)電(dian)磁鐵提供，如大型電(dian)動機、發電(dian)機、磁療設(she)備等。