電磁鐵的發明

1822年，法國物理學家阿拉戈和呂薩克發現，當電流通過其中有鐵塊的繞線時，它能使繞線中的鐵塊磁化。這實際上是云南電磁鐵原理(li)的(de)(de)最初發(fa)現(xian)。1823年，斯特金(jin)也做了一次類似的(de)(de)實驗：他在一根(gen)并非(fei)是磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒的(de)(de)U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒上(shang)繞(rao)了18圈(quan)銅(tong)裸線，當銅(tong)線與(yu)伏打電(dian)(dian)池接(jie)通時，繞(rao)在U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒上(shang)的(de)(de)銅(tong)線圈(quan)即產生了密集的(de)(de)磁場，這(zhe)樣就使U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒變成了一塊“電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)”。這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)上(shang)的(de)(de)磁能要(yao)比(bi)(bi)永磁能大放(fang)多倍，它(ta)能吸(xi)起比(bi)(bi)它(ta)重(zhong)20倍的(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)塊，而當電(dian)(dian)源切斷后(hou)，U型鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒就什么鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)塊也吸(xi)不住，重(zhong)新成為(wei)一根(gen)普通的(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)棒。

斯特金的電磁鐵發明，使人們(men)看到了把電能轉(zhuan)化為磁能的光明前(qian)景(jing)，這一(yi)發明很(hen)快在英國(guo)、美(mei)國(guo)以及(ji)西(xi)歐一(yi)些沿海國(guo)家(jia)傳播開來。

1829年，美國(guo)電學(xue)家亨利對(dui)斯特金(jin)電磁鐵(tie)裝置進行了(le)一(yi)些革新，絕(jue)緣導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)替裸(luo)銅導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，因(yin)此(ci)不(bu)(bu)必擔心被銅導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)過分(fen)靠(kao)近(jin)而短(duan)路(lu)。由于(yu)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)有了(le)絕(jue)緣層(ceng)，就可以(yi)將它(ta)(ta)(ta)們一(yi)圈圈地緊緊地繞在一(yi)起(qi)，由于(yu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈越(yue)密集(ji)，產生的(de)磁場就越(yue)強，這(zhe)樣就大(da)大(da)提高了(le)把電能轉(zhuan)化為磁能的(de)能力。到了(le)1831年，亨利試(shi)制出了(le)一(yi)塊更新的(de)電磁鐵(tie)，雖然它(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)體積(ji)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)大(da)，但(dan)它(ta)(ta)(ta)能吸(xi)起(qi)1噸重的(de)鐵(tie)塊。

電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)內部帶有(you)(you)鐵(tie)(tie)心的(de)(de)(de)、利用(yong)(yong)通有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)線圈使(shi)其像磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)一(yi)樣具有(you)(you)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi)叫(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)，通常制(zhi)成條形或(huo)(huo)蹄形。鐵(tie)(tie)心要用(yong)(yong)容易(yi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)化，又容易(yi)消失磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)鐵(tie)(tie)或(huo)(huo)硅鋼(gang)來制(zhi)做(zuo)。這樣的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)在(zai)通電(dian)(dian)時有(you)(you)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)，斷電(dian)(dian)后就隨之消失。 電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)有(you)(you)許多優點：電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)無(wu)，可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)通、斷電(dian)(dian)流控制(zhi)。磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)大小可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)強弱或(huo)(huo)線圈的(de)(de)(de)匝(za)數(shu)來控制(zhi)。

電磁鐵的主要特點

1、采用全密(mi)封結構(gou)，防(fang)潮(chao)性能好。

2、經計(ji)算機優化設(she)計(ji)，結構合理、自重輕、吸力(li)大、能耗低。

3、勵(li)磁線圈經特別工藝處理，提高了線圈的電器和機械性能，絕緣資料熱等(deng)級(ji)到(dao)達C級(ji)，運用壽命長。

4、普通(tong)(tong)型電(dian)磁(ci)鐵的(de)額定通(tong)(tong)電(dian)持續率(lv)由曩(nang)昔(xi)的(de)50%提高到60%，提高了電(dian)磁(ci)鐵的(de)運用(yong)功率(lv)。

5、超高(gao)溫(wen)型電磁(ci)鐵(tie)采用獨特隔熱方式，其間被吸物溫(wen)度有曩昔的600℃提高(gao)700℃，擴(kuo)大了電磁(ci)鐵(tie)的適(shi)用范圍。

6、裝置、運(yun)轉、保護簡潔。

電磁鐵工作原理

將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)能(neng)變換(huan)為(wei)機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)以實(shi)現吸(xi)合作(zuo)(zuo)功的(de)(de)(de)一種電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。通(tong)常由軟磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)材(cai)料制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)心、銜鐵(tie)和勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)組(zu)成。當勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，繞(rao)組(zu)周(zhou)圍產(chan)生(sheng)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場，鐵(tie)心磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)化(hua)，并(bing)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸(xi)力(li)吸(xi)引銜鐵(tie)，使之運(yun)動作(zuo)(zuo)功。電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)主要用于操動、牽引機(ji)械(xie)裝置，以達(da)到(dao)預(yu)期的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。工業上常用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)有制(zhi)動電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)、牽引電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)、起重電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)和閥用電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)等(deng)。此(ci)外，屬(shu)于電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)類的(de)(de)(de)還有用以傳(chuan)遞(di)或隔斷(duan)兩軸間的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)聯系的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)聯軸器(qi);用在(zai)機(ji)床工作(zuo)(zuo)臺上以吸(xi)牢磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料工件的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)吸(xi)盤;供(gong)高能(neng)物理、核聚變研究、磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)流(liu)體發電(dian)(dian)和高速懸浮列車等(deng)方面使用的(de)(de)(de)、能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)高達(da)數十(shi)特(te)（斯拉）的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)密度而(er)幾乎不消耗繞(rao)組(zu)功率的(de)(de)(de)超導電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)等(deng)。

起重電磁鐵

用來吊運(yun)和(he)裝卸鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)性(xing)物(wu)體(ti)的電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)。工業上常(chang)用以吊運(yun)或(huo)裝卸鐵(tie)(tie)礦(kuang)石、鐵(tie)(tie)砂、廢鋼鐵(tie)(tie)、鋼錠、鋼軌以及各種鋼材(cai)(cai)和(he)鋼質工件。起(qi)重電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)做成(cheng)圓盤形或(huo)矩形，并帶有內磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)和(he)外(wai)磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)。當(dang)勵磁(ci)(ci)繞組通(tong)(tong)電(dian)后，內外(wai)磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)均被磁(ci)(ci)化，吸(xi)引(yin)(yin)鋼質材(cai)(cai)料或(huo)工件（相當(dang)于一般電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)中的銜鐵(tie)(tie)），形成(cheng)一個(ge)閉合的磁(ci)(ci)路。為保護勵磁(ci)(ci)繞組，使之不因磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)與被吸(xi)引(yin)(yin)物(wu)體(ti)間的機械撞(zhuang)擊所損傷，起(qi)重電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)采用甲殼(ke)式結構(gou)，并且采用直流勵磁(ci)(ci)。

牽引電磁鐵

供牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)和(he)推斥機械裝(zhuang)置用的一種(zhong)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)。主(zhu)要用于各種(zhong)自動設備中(zhong)，以實(shi)現遠距(ju)離控制(zhi)。為了(le)能夠(gou)在長(chang)行(xing)程(cheng)下獲得較大的電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)吸(xi)(xi)力，牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)一般采用吸(xi)(xi)引(yin)(yin)特(te)性(xing)比較平坦(tan)的甲(jia)殼(ke)式(shi)結構。其內(nei)部(bu)(bu)裝(zhuang)有鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)、銜鐵(tie)(tie)和(he)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)線圈(quan)。使用時(shi)，將(jiang)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)固(gu)定在機械裝(zhuang)置的靜止部(bu)(bu)件上(shang)，銜鐵(tie)(tie)則(ze)連接在牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)桿(gan)上(shang)。當勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞組通(tong)電(dian)后，鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)被磁(ci)(ci)(ci)化，產(chan)生電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)吸(xi)(xi)力吸(xi)(xi)引(yin)(yin)銜鐵(tie)(tie)，后者(zhe)則(ze)通(tong)過牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)桿(gan)來(lai)操縱(zong)所控制(zhi)的機械裝(zhuang)置的機構。為了(le)適應不同(tong)控制(zhi)對象的需要，牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)有拉動式(shi)和(he)推動式(shi)兩(liang)種(zhong)，但都不具備復位(wei)裝(zhuang)置。牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)的主(zhu)要技(ji)術指標為一定行(xing)程(cheng)下的電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)吸(xi)(xi)力、操作(zuo)頻率(lv)和(he)壽命。

制動電磁鐵

作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機(ji)械制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵。主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)力(li)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置和(he)(he)(he)(he)起重(zhong)運輸(shu)設(she)備中，并(bing)與(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)配(pei)合(he)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)準確停車和(he)(he)(he)(he)懸吊著的(de)(de)重(zhong)物不致墜落。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵按銜(xian)鐵行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)長(chang)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)短行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)兩類(lei);按勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)方式分(fen)(fen)為(wei)直流和(he)(he)(he)(he)交流、并(bing)勵和(he)(he)(he)(he)串勵以及單相(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)三(san)相(xiang)等種(zhong)類(lei)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原理是(shi)：當電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵的(de)(de)繞組通(tong)電(dian)(dian)后，銜(xian)鐵被(bei)吸向(xiang)鐵心，并(bing)通(tong)過(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)中的(de)(de)停檔壓迫(po)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)桿(gan)，使(shi)之(zhi)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，從而(er)迫(po)使(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)松(song)閘。切斷(duan)線圈電(dian)(dian)源后，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)桿(gan)在彈簧(huang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下使(shi)銜(xian)鐵脫離磁(ci)(ci)(ci)軛，而(er)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)則將機(ji)構剎(cha)住。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)技術參數(shu)(shu)是(shi)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)、一定行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)下的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)吸力(li)、操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)頻率(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)持續(xu)(xu)率(lv)。操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)頻率(lv)是(shi)指每(mei)(mei)小時操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)次(ci)數(shu)(shu);通(tong)電(dian)(dian)持續(xu)(xu)率(lv)是(shi)指每(mei)(mei)次(ci)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)與(yu)每(mei)(mei)次(ci)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)及不通(tong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)之(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)百分(fen)(fen)比。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵與(yu)瓦式制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)相(xiang)配(pei)合(he)時用(yong)(yong)(yong)短行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)類(lei);與(yu)皮(pi)帶制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)相(xiang)配(pei)合(he)時用(yong)(yong)(yong)長(chang)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)類(lei)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵通(tong)過(guo)液壓方式將電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)力(li)傳遞(di)給(gei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)構的(de)(de)稱液壓制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵。

閥用電磁鐵

供遠距離操作各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)壓、氣動(dong)系統閥(fa)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)。常用(yong)(yong)于各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)金屬切削機床中。閥(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)不設復位(wei)裝(zhuang)置，而由(you)(you)閥(fa)體(ti)中的(de)(de)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)使(shi)之復位(wei)。當電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)勵磁(ci)(ci)繞組通過電(dian)流時，電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)吸(xi)力即克(ke)服(fu)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)阻力，使(shi)閥(fa)體(ti)的(de)(de)推(tui)桿(gan)移(yi)動(dong)，將閥(fa)門(men)(men)開啟;當勵磁(ci)(ci)繞組斷電(dian)后，在(zai)復位(wei)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)作用(yong)(yong)下，閥(fa)體(ti)推(tui)桿(gan)便推(tui)動(dong)銜(xian)鐵(tie)，使(shi)其移(yi)動(dong)額定行程處，閥(fa)門(men)(men)關閉。閥(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)分為(wei)濕(shi)式(shi)(shi)和干式(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。濕(shi)式(shi)(shi)閥(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)銜(xian)鐵(tie)在(zai)液(ye)壓油(you)中工作，由(you)(you)于油(you)的(de)(de)冷卻作用(yong)(yong)，使(shi)其與具有相(xiang)同(tong)吸(xi)力的(de)(de)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)相(xiang)比，有較小的(de)(de)尺(chi)寸。

電磁鐵的應用

門(men)(men)(men)禁：為什么門(men)(men)(men)禁可以在沒刷卡(ka)時(shi)把門(men)(men)(men)牢(lao)牢(lao)的(de)(de)“抓(zhua)住”？原來單元門(men)(men)(men)是(shi)由(you)鋼材料做成的(de)(de)，那(nei)(nei)個金屬體在通(tong)電(dian)時(shi)可以產生(sheng)強大的(de)(de)磁(ci)場，產生(sheng)的(de)(de)磁(ci)力能把門(men)(men)(men)牢(lao)牢(lao)的(de)(de)吸住，而刷卡(ka)的(de)(de)瞬間，切斷(duan)電(dian)流(liu)，金屬體失去磁(ci)性(xing)，我們就可以打開門(men)(men)(men)了。那(nei)(nei)個金屬體其實是(shi)一塊(kuai)電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

電磁起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)：最直接(jie)的應用(yong)之一是電磁起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)。電磁鐵安裝(zhuang)在吊(diao)車(che)上，通電后吸起(qi)大(da)量鋼鐵，移動到另一個(ge)位置后切斷電流(liu)，鋼鐵被放下，免去了打捆的麻煩。大(da)型電磁起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)一次可以吊(diao)起(qi)幾噸鋼材。

在電(dian)動機(ji)、發電(dian)機(ji)、電(dian)鈴和電(dian)磁繼電(dian)器里(li)也用到電(dian)磁鐵(tie)。全自(zi)動洗衣(yi)機(ji)的(de)進水(shui)、排(pai)水(shui)閥(fa)門，衛生間里(li)感應式(shi)沖水(shui)器的(de)閥(fa)門，也都是由電(dian)磁鐵(tie)控制的(de)。

電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵的(de)另一個應用是(shi)產(chan)生強(qiang)磁(ci)場。現代技術中很(hen)多地方需要(yao)的(de)強(qiang)磁(ci)場都由電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵提(ti)供，如大型(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、磁(ci)療設備(bei)等。